Medical Scrubs Manufacturer India — Complete Guide to Hospital Uniforms for UAE, Saudi Arabia, UK & Australia
Global demand for medical scrubs has never been stronger. Healthcare expansion across the Gulf, NHS procurement reforms in the United Kingdom, and growing aged care infrastructure in Australia are driving bulk procurement of hospital uniforms at a scale that local suppliers often cannot fulfil competitively. India — specifically the garment manufacturing hub of Tirupur in Tamil Nadu — has emerged as the preferred source for procurement managers, hospital supply chain teams, and medical uniform distributors worldwide.
This guide covers everything you need to know: why India produces the world’s best-value medical scrubs, what each target market requires, which fabrics belong in a clinical environment, how department colour coding works, and how to place a compliant, well-specified bulk order from India with confidence.
Whether you are procuring scrubs for a 1,000-bed UAE hospital group, a Saudi clinic network under Vision 2030, an NHS trust, or an Australian aged care chain, this guide is your starting point. See also our dedicated pages on hospital scrubs and medical uniforms, medical scrubs for UAE buyers, and medical scrubs for Saudi Arabia.
1. Why India — and Tirupur Specifically — for Medical Scrubs
Tirupur supplies approximately 60% of India’s knit garment exports and has built a mature ecosystem that serves exactly the needs of medical uniform buyers: consistent fabric sourcing, reliable dyeing infrastructure, experienced cut-and-sew capacity, and well-established export logistics. Here is why buyers increasingly prefer India over other sourcing destinations for medical scrubs:
Cost and Fabric Availability
India is one of the world’s largest cotton producers, which means raw material costs for cotton scrubs are structurally lower than in competing sourcing countries. Poly-cotton blended fabrics for medical scrubs — the 65/35 mix that dominates the category — are produced in volume within Tamil Nadu itself, cutting lead times and transportation costs between mill and factory. For buyers comparing India versus China, FOB prices for standard poly-cotton scrub sets from Tirupur are typically 15–25% lower than comparable Chinese products when landed cost is accounted for.
Export Infrastructure
Tirupur exporters ship daily to the Middle East, UK, Australia, and across Europe. Air freight corridors to Dubai, Riyadh, London, and Sydney are well-established, with experienced freight forwarders familiar with textile HS codes, certificate of origin requirements, and destination customs documentation. Most Tirupur manufacturers are already registered for DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade) export licences and GST zero-rating on exports.
CEPA and ECTA Duty Advantages
India’s Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the UAE, which came into force in May 2022, reduced import duty on most textile and garment categories to 0% for India-origin goods entering the UAE. This is a significant landed cost advantage over suppliers in China, Bangladesh, or Turkey, who face standard UAE import duties. Similarly, India’s Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) with Australia provides for progressive tariff reductions on Indian garments entering Australia, with meaningful savings already in effect and further reductions scheduled through 2026 and beyond.
Turnaround vs Chinese Suppliers
Air freight from Tirupur to Dubai takes 3–5 days. Tirupur to Riyadh is 4–6 days. Compare this to Chinese supplier air freight of 7–12 days to the same destinations, and the operational advantage for healthcare procurement managers managing stock levels across a busy facility becomes clear. For reorder situations — a new ward opening, seasonal staff intake, or replacement stock — India’s proximity to the Gulf is a meaningful operational benefit.
Quality and OEKO-TEX Compliance
Leading Tirupur manufacturers hold OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100 certification, which verifies that fabrics are free from harmful substances including formaldehyde, heavy metals, and certain dyes. This is a growing requirement for NHS procurement in the UK and is well-regarded in Australian hospital networks. Anti-microbial treatment to AATCC 100 standard is available from specialist Tirupur facilities with the testing certificates to back it up.
2. Country-by-Country Demand Breakdown
UAE — DHA/DOH Compliance and Zero-Duty Advantage
The UAE’s healthcare sector is one of the world’s most dynamic. Dubai’s Dubai Health Authority (DHA) and Abu Dhabi’s Department of Health (DOH) regulate clinical uniform standards across their respective emirates. Major networks including Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Aster DM Healthcare, NMC Health, and Mediclinic Middle East operate at international clinical standards and procure scrubs with equivalent rigour.
Key requirements for UAE medical scrubs procurement:
- DHA/DOH colour guidelines — the Dubai Health Authority and Abu Dhabi DOH publish colour-coding frameworks that govern which departments wear which scrub colours. Procurement must align with these before placing bulk orders.
- Bilingual labelling — care labels in both Arabic and English are required or strongly preferred by UAE healthcare facilities. Fabric Crew produces woven care labels in Arabic-English dual language as standard for UAE orders.
- 0% CEPA duty — India-origin medical scrubs enter the UAE at zero import duty under CEPA, making India the most cost-competitive source for UAE buyers among all major garment-exporting countries.
- DHL delivery 3–5 days — air freight from Tirupur to Dubai International or Abu Dhabi airports via DHL or Aramex takes 3–5 working days, enabling rapid restocking.
- Anti-microbial and colour-fast fabrics — UAE hospitals wash scrubs at high temperatures (60–90°C) using industrial laundering. Fabrics must retain colour and anti-microbial properties after 50+ industrial wash cycles.
For a dedicated breakdown of UAE-specific requirements, see our page on medical scrubs manufacturer UAE.
Saudi Arabia — Vision 2030 Healthcare Expansion and MOH Requirements
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 programme has placed healthcare infrastructure expansion at its core, with billions of riyals committed to new hospitals, clinics, and specialist care facilities across the Kingdom. This is driving procurement demand for medical uniforms at scale. The Ministry of Health (MOH) operates a substantial portion of the Kingdom’s healthcare estate; NUPCO (National Unified Procurement Company) handles centralised procurement for government healthcare facilities, while private networks including Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Saudi German Hospital Group, and Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group procure independently.
Key requirements for Saudi Arabia medical scrubs procurement:
- MOH colour conventions — the Saudi MOH has published colour-coding guidance for clinical staff that procurement teams must follow. See Section 4 of this guide for the full colour coding breakdown.
- Arabic labels mandatory — Saudi regulations require Arabic-language care and content labels on all garments sold or distributed within the Kingdom. This is a compliance requirement, not a preference.
- Women’s modesty scrubs — a significant proportion of Saudi healthcare staff wear hijab. Fabric Crew produces hijab-compatible scrub tops with longer length, higher necklines, and full-coverage sleeves, in the same fabric and colour as standard scrub sets. Matching hijab caps in scrub fabric are also available.
- 5% GCC standard duty — unlike the UAE, Saudi Arabia does not yet have a bilateral free trade agreement with India, so India-origin garments face the standard GCC common external tariff of 5%. This remains competitive versus other sources.
- Large-scale procurement briefs welcome — NUPCO and large private groups typically tender for multi-thousand-piece orders. Fabric Crew coordinates production across multiple partner factories in Tirupur to fulfil large single-origin orders.
For a dedicated page on Saudi procurement, visit medical scrubs manufacturer Saudi Arabia.
UK — NHS Supplier Requirements and Post-Brexit Tariffs
The NHS is one of the world’s largest healthcare employers and one of the highest-volume buyers of medical scrubs globally. NHS trusts procure scrubs through NHS Supply Chain frameworks, which require suppliers or their agents to meet specific quality, labelling, and traceability standards. Independent procurement by individual trusts is also common, particularly for specialist clinical areas with specific requirements.
Key requirements for UK NHS and private healthcare scrubs procurement:
- OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100 — a growing NHS procurement preference, and a firm requirement for many private hospital networks including Nuffield Health and BMI Healthcare. Fabric Crew sources from OEKO-TEX certified Tirupur mills for UK orders.
- Infection control fabric standards — UK hospital infection control policies specify hot-wash durability (60–71°C), colour stability, and anti-microbial performance. Fabrics used for UK NHS scrubs are tested against these benchmarks before bulk production.
- Post-Brexit 12% import duty — India-origin garments entering the UK face a standard import duty of approximately 12% post-Brexit, as the UK-India Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was still under negotiation at the time of publication. Buyers should account for this in landed cost calculations. A concluded FTA would reduce this significantly.
- UK sizing — UK scrub sizing follows standard UK clothing size conventions (8, 10, 12 through 22+) rather than XS/S/M/L. Fabric Crew produces UK-sized garments with the correct size labelling for NHS and private health sector distribution.
- GDPR-compliant supply chain documentation — NHS procurement frameworks require supply chain transparency documentation. Fabric Crew provides full factory audit information, material traceability records, and production certificates on request.
Australia — ECTA Benefits and Hospital Network Procurement
Australia’s major private hospital networks — including Ramsay Health Care (the largest private hospital operator in Australia) and Healthscope — procure medical scrubs centrally for their national networks. State-based public health systems (Queensland Health, NSW Health, etc.) procure through government tender processes. The aged care sector — rapidly expanding as Australia’s population ages — is a significant additional buyer of clinical and care uniforms.
Key requirements for Australian healthcare scrubs procurement:
- ACCC labelling compliance — Australian Consumer Law, administered by the ACCC, requires garment labels to display fibre content (in English), country of manufacture, and care instructions in English using approved symbols. Fabric Crew produces compliant labels for all Australian market orders.
- ECTA tariff reduction — under the Australia-India ECTA, import duties on Indian-origin garments entering Australia are being progressively reduced. Current rates are already lower than pre-ECTA levels, with further reductions scheduled. Buyers should confirm current rates with their Australian customs broker.
- Aged care sector specifications — aged care uniforms often require softer fabrics (cotton-rich or 4-way stretch) for comfort during intimate care tasks, along with easy-access pocket placement and functional fit. Colour coding by role (registered nurse, care worker, allied health) is common.
- Air freight 6–9 days — air freight from Tirupur to Sydney, Melbourne, or Brisbane takes approximately 6–9 working days via major carriers.
3. Fabric Guide for Medical Scrubs
Fabric selection is the most consequential technical decision in a medical scrubs programme. The wrong fabric fails on the ward within weeks; the right one performs through hundreds of industrial wash cycles while maintaining colour, anti-microbial integrity, and professional appearance. Here is the full breakdown of fabrics used in clinical environments:
65/35 Poly-Cotton Anti-Microbial — Industry Standard
The dominant fabric in global medical scrubs is a 65% polyester / 35% cotton blended plain weave or twill at 180–200 GSM. This blend delivers the best balance of properties for general clinical use: the polyester component provides shape retention, wrinkle resistance, and fast drying; the cotton component adds breathability and softness against skin. Applied with a silver-ion or zinc pyrithione anti-microbial finish (tested to AATCC 100), it inhibits bacterial growth on the fabric surface — a requirement for operating theatre, ICU, and surgical ward environments.
Colour retention is excellent: reactive dye treatment on poly-cotton maintains colour vibrancy for 50+ industrial wash cycles at 60–71°C, the standard wash temperature for clinical laundry in UAE, Saudi, and UK healthcare facilities. This fabric is the correct specification for the majority of nursing, allied health, support staff, and administrative clinical roles.
100% Cotton — Surgeon and Senior Clinician Preference
Pure cotton scrubs at 180 GSM are preferred by many surgeons, senior doctors, and senior nursing staff. Cotton is softer against the skin during long theatre shifts, breathes better in high-temperature operating environments, and is preferred by clinicians who spend extended periods in surgical gowns over their scrubs. The trade-off is slightly lower wrinkle resistance and marginally slower drying compared to poly-cotton. For healthcare facilities where surgeon preference matters — and it often does at senior consultant level — offering a cotton scrub option alongside the standard poly-cotton range is worth considering.
4-Way Stretch — Surgical Teams and Theatre Staff
Theatre nurses, surgical technologists, and anaesthesiologists working in operating rooms require maximum freedom of movement. A 4-way stretch fabric (typically a nylon-spandex or polyester-spandex blend, 180–200 GSM) moves with the body in all directions, allowing the full range of motion required for theatre work without fabric pulling or restricting. These scrubs are cut with a more athletic, tapered silhouette that maintains a professional appearance without excess fabric that could become a cross-contamination risk in sterile environments. Anti-microbial treatment is applied to the same standard as poly-cotton scrubs.
Moisture-Wicking Polyester — ICU and Emergency Departments
Intensive care and emergency department staff work at high intensity with limited opportunity to change. Moisture-wicking polyester (100% polyester with wicking engineering in the knit or weave structure, 160–180 GSM) draws perspiration away from the skin and dissipates it rapidly across the fabric surface for evaporation. This keeps clinical staff physically cooler and more comfortable during demanding shifts. Particularly relevant for UAE and Saudi healthcare facilities, where ambient temperatures outside clinical spaces are extreme and building cooling systems vary in performance.
| Fabric | Best Use Case | Wash Durability | Relative Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 65/35 Poly-Cotton Anti-Microbial | Nursing, allied health, support staff — general wards | Excellent (50+ industrial washes) | $ (Base) |
| 100% Cotton | Surgeons, senior doctors, theatre consultants | Good (40+ industrial washes) | $$ |
| 4-Way Stretch | Theatre nurses, surgical technologists, anaesthesiologists | Very Good (50+ washes at 60°C) | $$$ |
| Moisture-Wicking Polyester | ICU, emergency departments, high-intensity clinical roles | Excellent (60+ washes) | $$ |
4. Department Colour Coding Guide for Medical Scrubs
Colour coding in clinical environments is not aesthetic — it is a patient safety and operational management tool. When a patient or visitor can identify a scrub colour with a specific clinical role at a glance, it reduces confusion, improves response times, and supports infection control zoning. Here is how colour coding works across international and GCC-specific frameworks:
Standard International Colour Conventions
While no single global standard exists, the following colour conventions are widely used across UK, Australian, and international hospital networks:
- Navy blue — nursing staff (registered nurses, senior nurses)
- Ceil blue / mid blue — theatre and operating room staff
- Green (surgical green) — surgeons, theatre consultants
- White — doctors, senior clinicians (often combined with a coloured trim)
- Grey — allied health (physiotherapy, occupational therapy)
- Burgundy / wine — healthcare assistants, support workers
- Black — radiography, imaging departments
- Royal purple — midwifery
- Teal — senior allied health, specialist nurses
- Pink — student nurses, healthcare trainees
UAE DHA Colour Recommendations
Dubai Health Authority guidelines align broadly with international conventions but with locally specific interpretations:
- White coat — physicians and senior medical staff across DHA facilities
- Navy or royal blue — registered nursing staff
- Ceil blue — operating room and theatre teams
- Light green — allied health professionals
- Grey or light grey — support and administrative clinical staff
- Burgundy — nursing assistants and patient care technicians
Individual hospital groups within the UAE (Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Aster, NMC, Mediclinic) may specify proprietary colour codes aligned with their brand identity. Fabric Crew matches these to Pantone references for exact shade consistency across bulk orders and future reorders.
Saudi MOH Colour Conventions
The Saudi Ministry of Health has published colour-coding guidance across its network of government hospitals and primary healthcare centres:
- White — physicians and consultants
- Dark blue — nursing staff
- Green — operating theatre teams
- Beige / khaki — physiotherapy and rehabilitation
- Light blue — radiology and imaging
- Pink — paediatric nursing and maternity
- Purple — pharmacy staff
Pantone Matching for Exact Colour Consistency
Healthcare procurement managers know the frustration of reordering scrubs and receiving a batch that is visibly lighter or a different shade to the original stock. Fabric Crew eliminates this by assigning a Pantone reference to every colour in every order and retaining it permanently on file. All future orders — whether six months or three years later — are dyed against the same Pantone specification. Physical bulk samples are also retained for 24 months. This is the only reliable way to maintain visual uniformity across a large healthcare workforce over time.
5. Scrub Styles and Garment Types
Medical scrubs have diversified considerably beyond the basic V-neck top and straight-leg trouser. Here is the full range of styles and garment types produced by Fabric Crew for healthcare clients:
Scrub Tops
- V-neck scrub top — the universal clinical standard. Clean, professional, allows stethoscope access. Available in all fabric specifications. The most commonly ordered style for nursing and allied health.
- Round neck scrub top — preferred in paediatric and mental health settings where a softer, less clinical appearance is appropriate. Also preferred by some healthcare facilities as a distinction between nursing grades.
- Mock wrap top — a contemporary style with a crossover front panel that creates a more tailored silhouette. Popular in aesthetics clinics, dental practices, and private hospital settings where visual presentation is part of the patient experience.
- Hijab-compatible tunic top — longer length (mid-thigh or knee-length), higher neckline, full-length sleeves, in the same fabric and colour code as the standard scrub range. Essential for GCC markets. Matching hijab caps available in scrub fabric.
Scrub Bottoms
- Straight-leg scrub pants — classic cut with drawstring waist and functional pockets. The baseline specification for most general clinical roles.
- Jogger scrub pants — tapered leg with ribbed cuff at the ankle. A contemporary cut now widely used in private hospitals and aesthetics clinics. Provides a cleaner, more modern appearance while maintaining comfort.
- Cargo scrub pants — additional side cargo pockets for high-equipment roles (theatre nurses, emergency department staff, paramedics). Functional specification over aesthetic.
Additional Garment Types
- Scrub dress — a one-piece option popular in paediatric nursing and aesthetics. Available in standard and hijab-compatible (longer, more coverage) versions.
- Lab coat — standard white polycotton, knee-length, for physicians, pharmacists, laboratory staff, and clinical administrators. Available with embroidered name, hospital logo, and department text.
- Dental tunic — short or three-quarter length tunic with mandarin or standup collar, designed for dental practice staff. Available in a range of clinical colours and takes embroidery cleanly.
For a full product overview, visit our page on hospital scrubs and medical uniforms.
6. Customisation Options
Medical scrubs for hospital and clinic networks are almost always customised. Standard customisation options from Fabric Crew include:
- Embroidered hospital or clinic logo — placed on the left chest as standard. High-definition digitising ensures clean reproduction of complex logo artwork. Embroidery is durable through industrial washing and does not peel, fade, or crack.
- Department text — embroidered text indicating department (e.g., “Emergency Department”, “Theatre Team”, “Intensive Care”) on the chest or sleeve. Arabic and English dual-language text available for GCC markets.
- Staff name embroidery — individual staff names embroidered on garments, common in private healthcare settings and aesthetics clinics. Requires a name list at the time of order placement.
- Name badge loops — a fabric loop sewn to the chest pocket or neckline to hold ID badge lanyards securely without the lanyard hanging loose. A standard NHS specification for many trusts.
- Custom pocket placement — pen pockets, chest pockets, phone pockets, tool loops, and utility pockets positioned to the specification of the clinical role. Fabric Crew produces custom tech packs for non-standard pocket configurations.
- Woven care labels — bilingual Arabic-English for GCC orders, English for UK and Australia. Custom woven labels with hospital or brand name are available for larger orders.
For large hospital network orders, Fabric Crew produces a pre-production sample for each garment type before bulk production begins. This sample confirms logo placement, colour accuracy, pocket configuration, and fit before any bulk commitment is made.
7. Pricing Guide — FOB Tirupur 2026
The following indicative pricing covers the most commonly ordered medical scrubs and hospital uniform items, quoted FOB Tirupur. Air freight to destination is additional and depends on total shipment weight and carrier. Prices are based on standard 65/35 poly-cotton anti-microbial fabric with one embroidered logo unless otherwise noted.
| Item | MOQ | FOB Price Range |
|---|---|---|
| V-neck scrub top (poly-cotton, embroidered logo) | 50 pcs | $4–$8 / pc |
| Straight-leg scrub pants | 50 pcs | $4–$7 / pc |
| Scrub set (top + pants, poly-cotton, embroidered) | 50 sets | $8–$14 / set |
| 4-way stretch scrub set (surgical grade) | 50 sets | $12–$18 / set |
| Hijab-compatible scrub tunic (GCC specification) | 50 pcs | $7–$11 / pc |
| Lab coat (knee-length, white poly-cotton, embroidered) | 50 pcs | $9–$14 / pc |
| Dental tunic (mandarin collar, embroidered) | 50 pcs | $6–$10 / pc |
| Scrub dress (standard or modesty length) | 50 pcs | $7–$12 / pc |
Prices are indicative for 2026. Final pricing is confirmed at quotation and depends on fabric specification, branding complexity, and total order volume. Larger orders (500+ pieces per style) achieve lower per-unit costs. Request a quote for exact pricing on your specification.
8. How to Order Medical Scrubs from India — Step by Step
The process for placing a bulk medical scrubs order with Fabric Crew runs as follows:
- Submit your brief — provide a list of garment types (scrub top, pants, lab coat, etc.), quantities per type, colours (Pantone codes or colour references if available), required customisation (logo, department text, name embroidery), and target delivery date and destination country. If you do not have Pantone codes, our team will work with you to identify the correct colour reference.
- Receive your quote within 24 hours — Fabric Crew returns a full FOB costing per line item, estimated air freight to your destination, total production timeline, and a proposed sample production schedule.
- Artwork and colour approval — submit your logo artwork in vector format (AI, EPS, or high-resolution PDF). Our team digitises it for embroidery and sends you a digital proof for approval before any stitching begins. Colour swatches are confirmed against your Pantone reference or physical sample.
- Size chart confirmation — provide your size run with quantities per size. If you are unsure of the correct size distribution for your workforce, Fabric Crew can advise based on the nationality profile of your staff team and standard healthcare workforce size curves for your region.
- Sample production and approval — physical pre-production samples are produced for each garment type and style and shipped to your address (UAE, Saudi, UK, Australia, or elsewhere) for review. You evaluate fabric, colour, fit, logo placement, and any custom features. Approval or amendment notes are returned and incorporated before bulk production begins.
- Bulk production and inline QC — bulk production commences after sample sign-off. Quality checks are conducted at the fabric cutting stage (colour accuracy, fabric weight), during sewing (construction quality, pocket placement), and at finishing (final garment inspection, label check, packaging).
- Export documentation — Fabric Crew prepares and provides: commercial invoice, packing list, certificate of origin (required for UAE CEPA 0% duty and Australian ECTA tariff preference), and any additional documentation required by your customs broker or healthcare facility procurement standards.
- Air freight dispatch and tracking — shipment dispatched via DHL, Aramex, or equivalent carrier with full tracking. Delivery to UAE 3–5 days, Saudi Arabia 4–6 days, UK 5–7 days, Australia 6–9 days.
Total lead time from confirmed brief to ex-factory is typically 18–25 working days for standard orders. Expedited production is available for urgent orders under 500 pieces. Plan your programme accordingly for new facility openings, which benefit from a 6–8 week procurement window including sample approval time.
Fabric Crew manages the entire process as your sourcing coordinator — you deal with one point of contact throughout, from initial quote to delivery confirmation. For related corporate and workwear needs, see our corporate uniforms page.
9. Frequently Asked Questions
Do your medical scrubs carry anti-microbial certification?
Yes. Anti-microbial scrubs from Fabric Crew are treated with a silver-ion or zinc-based finish that is independently tested to AATCC 100 standard, which measures anti-bacterial efficacy on treated fabric. We provide test certificates with every order that requires them. OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100 certification is available on request for buyers in the UK, EU, and Australia where this is a procurement requirement.
How do you ensure colour matching across reorders?
We retain the Pantone reference, dye lot records, and physical bulk samples from every production run. All reorders are matched against these references before bulk fabric dyeing begins. We keep sealed production samples for 24 months, so hospitals reordering 18 months after their original order can match the exact shade with confidence. This is essential for healthcare facilities that phase in new departments or replace worn stock over time.
Do you offer modesty-compliant scrub designs for GCC markets?
Yes. We produce hijab-compatible scrub sets with full-coverage tunic tops (longer length, higher neckline, wrist-length sleeves) alongside standard scrub tops in the same fabric and colour. Saudi Arabia and UAE orders frequently combine both styles within the same order at no additional per-unit premium. We also produce matching hijab caps in the same scrub fabric and colour code for a coordinated clinical appearance.
What is the lead time for bulk medical scrubs from India?
Standard production lead time is 18–25 working days from sample approval to ex-factory Tirupur. Air freight to UAE is 3–5 days, Saudi Arabia 4–6 days, UK 5–7 days, and Australia 6–9 days. For urgent healthcare facility openings or ward expansions, we offer an expedited 12–15 working day production track for orders under 500 pieces, subject to factory capacity at the time of order.
What is the minimum order quantity for medical scrubs?
Our MOQ is 100 pieces per style per colour. This applies to scrub tops, scrub pants, scrub dresses, lab coats, and dental tunics independently. A hospital ordering three styles in four colours would need 50 pieces of each style-colour combination. Combined orders across multiple styles and departments are handled as a single order for production scheduling and costing, and frequently qualify for volume pricing.